Develop Reference

Parse bits in a byte to enum

I'm working on a dll that parses binary data I get from a Home Automation module.
But I need some advice on some code I have.
So I get a message with some bytes, and each bit indicates a certain condition in this case.
In the code I have at the moment each condition is an enum, I put the enums in an array and check if the corresponding bit is set.
private void ParseZoneConditionFlag1(int Flag1) // Flag1 = Hex represenation of byte
{
Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum[] FlagArray = new Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum[8];
FlagArray[0] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Faulted;
FlagArray[1] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Tampered;
FlagArray[2] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Trouble;
FlagArray[3] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Bypassed;
FlagArray[4] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Inhibited;
FlagArray[5] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Low_Battery;
FlagArray[6] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Loss_Supervision;
FlagArray[7] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
base.CheckBitsSet(FlagArray, Flag1, ZoneConditionFlags_List);
}
private void ParseZoneConditionFlag2(int Flag2)
{
Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum[] FlagArray = new Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum[8];
FlagArray[0] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Alarm_Memory;
FlagArray[1] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Bypass_Memory;
FlagArray[2] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
FlagArray[3] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
FlagArray[4] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
FlagArray[5] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
FlagArray[6] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
FlagArray[7] = Zone_Status_ZoneConditionFlagEnum.Reserved;
base.CheckBitsSet(FlagArray, Flag2, ZoneConditionFlags_List);
}
And the method were I check the actual bits
protected void CheckBitsSet<T>(T[] ConstantArray, int HexValue, List<T> DestinationList)
{
byte b = (byte) HexValue;
for (int i = 0; i < Mask.Length; i++)
{
if(IsBitSet(b, i))
{
DestinationList.Add(ConstantArray[i]);
}
}
}
public bool IsBitSet(byte b, int pos)
{
return (b & (1 << pos)) != 0;
}
This works, but I wonder if there is a cleaner way to do this.
With cleaner I mean without having to add the right enums to an array each time.

How about just:
[Flags]
enum MyFlags : short
{
None = 0,
Faulted = 1 << 0,
Tampered = 1 << 1,
Trouble = 1 << 2,
Bypassed = 1 << 3,
Inhibited = 1 << 4,
LowBattery = 1 << 5,
LossOfSupervision = 1 << 6,
AlarmMemory = 1 << 8,
BypassMemory = 1 << 9
}
static bool IsSet(MyFlags value, MyFlags flag)
{
return ((value & flag) == flag);
}
and read the value as a 2-byte value (short, being careful about endianness), and then cast to MyFlags.
To check for any flag, just:
MyFlags value = ...
bool isAlarmMemory = IsSet(value, MyFlags.AlarmMemory);
It gets tricker when you talk about composite flags, i.e.
bool memoryProblem = IsSet(value, MyFlags.AlarmMemory | MyFlags.BypassMemory);
as you need to figure out whether you mean "is any of these flags set?" vs "are all of these flags set?"
It comes down to the test;
return ((value & flag) == flag); // means "are all set"
return ((value & flag) != 0); // means "is any set"
For reading:
// this is just some garbage that I'm pretending is a message from
// your module; I'm assuming the byte numbers in the image are
// zero-based, so the two that we want are: \/\/\/ (the 6,3)
byte[] data = { 12, 63, 113, 0, 13, 123, 14, 6, 3, 14, 15 };
// and I'm assuming "byte 7" and "byte 8" (image) are zero-based;
// MyFlags uses byte 7 *first*, so it is little-endian; we can get that
// via:
short flagsRaw = (short)(data[7] | (data[8] << 8));
MyFlags flags = (MyFlags)flagsRaw;
// flags has value Tampered | Trouble | AlarmMemory | BypassMemory,
// which is what we expect for {6,3}

Use this:
[Flags]
public enum MyEnum
{
Value1 = 1,
Value2 = 2,
Value3 = 4,
Value5 = 8
}
(...)
void Func(int flag)
{
MyEnum #enum = (MyEnum)flag;
// Testing, whether a flag is set
if ((#enum & MyEnum.Value1) != 0) // sth
}

How can I separate out each bit from a byte?

I'm very new to C# (and C in general for that matter) I'm getting a byte value returned from an external source that represents the states of 8 input pins on the port of an IO device so I get a value of 0-255 representing the binary pattern present on the port.
How can I strip out the individual bits and set them as bool vars, so doing something like this:
if (inputBuffer[1] == 1)
{
IO.Input0 = true;
IO.Input1 = false;
IO.Input2 = false;
IO.Input3 = false;
IO.Input4 = false;
IO.Input5 = false;
IO.Input6 = false;
IO.Input7 = false;
}
I'm probably overexplaining what I'm trying to achieve but thought this gives the best example although highly impractical, how can I better achieve this to set the variables based on a byte value of 0-255.

Use a bitwise-and (&). Assuming Input0 represents the least significant bit:
IO.Input0 = (inputBuffer & 0x01) == 0x01;
IO.Input1 = (inputBuffer & 0x02) == 0x02;
IO.Input2 = (inputBuffer & 0x04) == 0x04;
IO.Input3 = (inputBuffer & 0x08) == 0x08;
IO.Input4 = (inputBuffer & 0x10) == 0x10;
IO.Input5 = (inputBuffer & 0x20) == 0x20;
IO.Input6 = (inputBuffer & 0x40) == 0x40;
IO.Input7 = (inputBuffer & 0x80) == 0x80;
You can also implement an extension method like the following:
public static bool IsBitSet(this byte b, int bit)
{
if(bit < 0 || bit > 7)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bit must be between 0 and 7");
byte bitToCheck = (byte)(0x01 << bit);
return (b & bitToCheck) == bitToCheck;
}
Which you could then call like:
IO.Input4 = inputBuffer.IsBitSet(4);

Use a bitmask and the &-operator to figure this out
byte b = 100;
if(b&1 == 1) { } //bit 1 is set
if(b&2 == 2) { } //bit 2 is set
if(b&4 == 4) { } //bit 3 is set
...

I think a self written class can help. Class could contain the 8 bits and the constructor takes a byte. In the constructor you can calculate the single bits.
public class myByte
{
bool Input0 = false;
bool Input1 = false;
bool Input2 = false;
bool Input3 = false;
bool Input4 = false;
bool Input5 = false;
bool Input6 = false;
bool Input7 = false;
public myByte(byte b)
{
//written by Ic.
Input0 = b & 0x01 == 0x01;
Input1 = b & 0x02 == 0x02;
Input2 = b & 0x04 == 0x04;
Input3 = b & 0x08 == 0x08;
Input4 = b & 0x10 == 0x10;
Input5 = b & 0x20 == 0x20;
Input6 = b & 0x40 == 0x40;
Input7 = b & 0x80 == 0x80;
}
... //getter setter ...
}

You can do this.
int x= inputBuffer[1];
bit1 = ((x>>7)&1==1);
bit2 = ((x>>6)&1==1);
bit3 = ((x>>5)&1==1);
bit4 = ((x>>4)&1==1);
bit5 = ((x>>3)&1==1);
bit6 = ((x>>2)&1==1);
bit7 = ((x>>1)&1==1);
bit8 = (x&1==1);
To get 1st bit from say 11101110 value you need to right shift first bt 7 times and then doing AND operation with 1 will tell you whether the value is 1 or 0 and same solution applies for other bits as well.

You can use the BitArray class.
var bitArray = new BitArray(inputBuffer);
IO.Input1 = bitArray[byteIndex * 8 + 1];
Or
var bitArray = new BitArray(new byte[] { inputBuffer[1] });
IO.Input1 = bitArray[1];
You can also iterate it as a collection of Boolean values, and perform bitwise operation on the entire collection.
It's obviously not as performant as the other options offered here (cost of allocation) but it does provide a very neat API for bit calculations.

If the data is given to you in a Byte form and that each bit has been masked, then I would leave it as it is. Converting them to another type is unnecessary, it will be an extra work for no benefit. To get the correct bit, just use the bit mask pattern
private bool GetMaskedBit(var inputBuffer , int mask)
{
return ((inputBuffer & mask) != 0);
}
This way you parse the buffer and the required bit you wanted, this will return whether the bit has been set or not.

How to get two (0~15) numbers as properties with one byte as backing field?

I'm making a tile based 2d platformer and every byte of memory is precious. I have one byte field that can hold values from 0 to 255, but what I need is two properties with values 0~15. How can I turn one byte field into two properties like that?

do you mean just use the lower 4 bits for one value and the upper 4 bits for the other?
to get two values from 1 byte use...
a = byte & 15;
b = byte / 16;
setting is just the reverse as
byte = a | b * 16;
Using the shift operator is better but the compiler optimizers usually do this for you nowadays.
byte = a | (b << 4);

To piggy back off of sradforth's answer, and to answer your question about properties:
private byte _myByte;
public byte LowerHalf
{
get
{
return (byte)(_myByte & 15);
}
set
{
_myByte = (byte)(value | UpperHalf * 16);
}
}
public byte UpperHalf
{
get
{
return (byte)(_myByte / 16);
}
set
{
_myByte = (byte)(LowerHalf | value * 16);
}
}

Below are some properties and some backing store, I've tried to write them in a way that makes the logic easy to follow.
private byte HiAndLo = 0;
private const byte LoMask = 15; // 00001111
private const byte HiMask = 240; // 11110000
public byte Lo
{
get
{
// ----&&&&
return (byte)(this.hiAndLo & LoMask);
}
set
{
if (value > LoMask) //
{
// Values over 15 are too high.
throw new OverflowException();
}
// &&&&0000
// 0000----
// ||||||||
this.hiAndLo = (byte)((this.hiAndLo & HiMask) | value);
}
}
public byte Hi
{
get
{
// &&&&XXXX >> 0000&&&&
return (byte)((this.hiAndLo & HiMask) >> 4);
}
set
{
if (value > LoMask)
{
// Values over 15 are too high.
throw new OverflowException();
}
// -------- << ----0000
// XXXX&&&&
// ||||||||
this.hiAndLo = (byte)((hiAndLo & LoMask) | (value << 4 ));
}
}

Win api in C#. Get Hi and low word from IntPtr

I am trying to process a WM_MOUSEMOVE message in C#.
What is the proper way to get an X and Y coordinate from lParam which is a type of IntPtr?

Try:
(note that this was the initial version, read below for the final version)
IntPtr xy = value;
int x = unchecked((short)xy);
int y = unchecked((short)((uint)xy >> 16));
The unchecked normally isn't necessary (because the "default" c# projects are unchecked)
Consider that these are the definitions of the used macros:
#define LOWORD(l) ((WORD)(((DWORD_PTR)(l)) & 0xffff))
#define HIWORD(l) ((WORD)((((DWORD_PTR)(l)) >> 16) & 0xffff))
#define GET_X_LPARAM(lp) ((int)(short)LOWORD(lp))
#define GET_Y_LPARAM(lp) ((int)(short)HIWORD(lp))
Where WORD == ushort, DWORD == uint. I'm cutting some ushort->short conversions.
Addendum:
one and half year later, and having experienced the "vagaries" of 64 bits .NET, I concur with Celess (but note that 99% of the Windows messages are still 32 bits for reasons of compatibility, so I don't think the problem isn't really big now. It's more for the future and because if you want to do something, you should do it correctly.)
The only thing I would make different is this:
IntPtr xy = value;
int x = unchecked((short)(long)xy);
int y = unchecked((short)((long)xy >> 16));
instead of doing the check "is the IntPtr 4 or 8 bytes long", I take the worst case (8 bytes long) and cast xy to a long. With a little luck the double cast (to long and then to short/to uint) will be optimized by the compiler (in the end, the explicit conversion to int of IntPtr is a red herring... If you use it you are putting yourself at risk in the future. You should always use the long conversion and then use it directly/re-cast it to what you need, showing to the future programmers that you knew what you were doing.
A test example: http://ideone.com/a4oGW2 (sadly only 32 bits, but if you have a 64 bits machine you can test the same code)

Correct for both 32 and 64-bit:
Point GetPoint(IntPtr _xy)
{
uint xy = unchecked(IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (uint)_xy.ToInt64() : (uint)_xy.ToInt32());
int x = unchecked((short)xy);
int y = unchecked((short)(xy >> 16));
return new Point(x, y);
}
- or -
int GetIntUnchecked(IntPtr value)
{
return IntPtr.Size == 8 ? unchecked((int)value.ToInt64()) : value.ToInt32();
}
int Low16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)GetIntUnchecked(value));
}
int High16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)(((uint)GetIntUnchecked(value)) >> 16));
}
These also work:
int Low16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)(uint)value); // classic unchecked cast to uint
}
int High16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)((uint)value >> 16));
}
- or -
int Low16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)(long)value); // presumption about internals
} // is what framework lib uses
int High16(IntPtr value)
{
return unchecked((short)((long)value >> 16));
}
Going the other way
public static IntPtr GetLParam(Point point)
{
return (IntPtr)((point.Y << 16) | (point.X & 0xffff));
} // mask ~= unchecked((int)(short)x)
- or -
public static IntPtr MakeLParam(int low, int high)
{
return (IntPtr)((high << 16) | (low & 0xffff));
} // (IntPtr)x is same as 'new IntPtr(x)'
The accepted answer is good translation of the C definition. If were dealing with just the raw 'void*' directly, then would be mostly ok. However when using 'IntPtr' in a .Net 64-bit execution environment, 'unchecked' will not stop conversion overflow exceptions from being thrown from inside IntPtr. The unchecked block does not affect conversions that happen inside IntPtr funcitons and operators. Currently the accepted answer states that use of 'unchecked' is not necesary. However the use of 'unchecked' is absolutely necessary, as would always be the case in casting to negative values from a larger type.
On 64-bit, from the accepted answer:
var xy = new IntPtr(0x0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
int x = unchecked((short)xy); // <-- throws
int y = unchecked((short)((uint)xy >> 16)); // gets lucky, 'uint' implicit 'long'
y = unchecked((short)((int)xy >> 16)); // <-- throws
xy = new IntPtr(0x00000000FFFF0000); // 0, -1
x = unchecked((short)xy); // <-- throws
y = unchecked((short)((uint)xy >> 16)); // still lucky
y = (short)((uint)xy >> 16); // <-- throws (short), no longer lucky
On 64-bit, using extrapolated version of DmitryG's:
var ptr = new IntPtr(0x0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
var xy = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)ptr.ToInt64() : ptr.ToInt32(); // <-- throws (int)
int x = unchecked((short)xy); // fine, if gets this far
int y = unchecked((short)((uint)xy >> 16)); // fine, if gets this far
y = unchecked((short)(xy >> 16)); // also fine, if gets this far
ptr = new IntPtr(0x00000000FFFF0000); // 0, -1
xy = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)ptr.ToInt64() : ptr.ToInt32(); // <-- throws (int)
On performance
return IntPtr.Size == 8 ? unchecked((int)value.ToInt64()) : value.ToInt32();
The IntPtr.Size property returns a constant as compile time literal that is capable if being inlined across assemblies. Thus is possible for the JIT to have nearly all of this optimized out. Could also do:
return unchecked((int)value.ToInt64());
- or -
return unchecked((int)(long)value);
- or -
return unchecked((uint)value); // traditional
and all 3 of these will always call the equivalient of IntPtr.ToInt64(). ToInt64(), and 'operator long', are also capable of being inlined, but less likely to be. Is much more code in 32-bit version than the Size constant. I would submit that the solution at the top is maybe more symantically correct. Its also important to be aware of sign-extension artifacts, which would fill all 64-bits reguardless on something like (long)int_val, though i've pretty much glossed over that here, however may additionally affect inlining on 32-bit.
Useage
if (Low16(wParam) == NativeMethods.WM_CREATE)) { }
var x = Low16(lParam);
var point = GetPoint(lParam);
A 'safe' IntPtr mockup shown below for future traverlers.
Run this without setting the WIN32 define on 32-bit to get a solid simulation of the 64-bit IntPtr behavour.
public struct IntPtrMock
{
#if WIN32
int m_value;
#else
long m_value;
#endif
int IntPtr_ToInt32() {
#if WIN32
return (int)m_value;
#else
long l = m_value;
return checked((int)l);
#endif
}
public static explicit operator int(IntPtrMock value) { //(short) resolves here
#if WIN32
return (int)value.m_value;
#else
long l = value.m_value;
return checked((int)l); // throws here if any high 32 bits
#endif // check forces sign stay signed
}
public static explicit operator long(IntPtrMock value) { //(uint) resolves here
#if WIN32
return (long)(int)value.m_value;
#else
return (long)value.m_value;
#endif
}
public int ToInt32() {
#if WIN32
return (int)value.m_value;
#else
long l = m_value;
return checked((int)l); // throws here if any high 32 bits
#endif // check forces sign stay signed
}
public long ToInt64() {
#if WIN32
return (long)(int)m_value;
#else
return (long)m_value;
#endif
}
public IntPtrMock(long value) {
#if WIN32
m_value = checked((int)value);
#else
m_value = value;
#endif
}
}
public static IntPtr MAKELPARAM(int low, int high)
{
return (IntPtr)((high << 16) | (low & 0xffff));
}
public Main()
{
var xy = new IntPtrMock(0x0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF); // simulate 64-bit, overflow smaller
int x = unchecked((short)xy); // <-- throws
int y = unchecked((short)((uint)xy >> 16)); // got lucky, 'uint' implicit 'long'
y = unchecked((short)((int)xy >> 16)); // <-- throws
int xy2 = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)xy.ToInt64() : xy.ToInt32(); // <-- throws
int xy3 = unchecked(IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)xy.ToInt64() : xy.ToInt32()); //ok
// proper 32-bit lParam, overflow signed
var xy4 = new IntPtrMock(0x00000000FFFFFFFF); // x = -1, y = -1
int x2 = unchecked((short)xy4); // <-- throws
int xy5 = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)xy4.ToInt64() : xy4.ToInt32(); // <-- throws
var xy6 = new IntPtrMock(0x00000000FFFF0000); // x = 0, y = -1
int x3 = unchecked((short)xy6); // <-- throws
int xy7 = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)xy6.ToInt64() : xy6.ToInt32(); // <-- throws
var xy8 = MAKELPARAM(-1, -1); // WinForms macro
int x4 = unchecked((short)xy8); // <-- throws
int xy9 = IntPtr.Size == 8 ? (int)xy8.ToInt64() : xy8.ToInt32(); // <-- throws
}

Usualy, for low-level mouse processing I have used the following helper (it also considers that IntPtr size depends on x86/x64):
//...
Point point = WinAPIHelper.GetPoint(msg.LParam);
//...
static class WinAPIHelper {
public static Point GetPoint(IntPtr lParam) {
return new Point(GetInt(lParam));
}
public static MouseButtons GetButtons(IntPtr wParam) {
MouseButtons buttons = MouseButtons.None;
int btns = GetInt(wParam);
if((btns & MK_LBUTTON) != 0) buttons |= MouseButtons.Left;
if((btns & MK_RBUTTON) != 0) buttons |= MouseButtons.Right;
return buttons;
}
static int GetInt(IntPtr ptr) {
return IntPtr.Size == 8 ? unchecked((int)ptr.ToInt64()) : ptr.ToInt32();
}
const int MK_LBUTTON = 1;
const int MK_RBUTTON = 2;
}

Most common C# bitwise operations on enums

For the life of me, I can't remember how to set, delete, toggle or test a bit in a bitfield. Either I'm unsure or I mix them up because I rarely need these. So a "bit-cheat-sheet" would be nice to have.
For example:
flags = flags | FlagsEnum.Bit4; // Set bit 4.
or
if ((flags & FlagsEnum.Bit4)) == FlagsEnum.Bit4) // Is there a less verbose way?
Can you give examples of all the other common operations, preferably in C# syntax using a [Flags] enum?

I did some more work on these extensions - You can find the code here
I wrote some extension methods that extend System.Enum that I use often... I'm not claiming that they are bulletproof, but they have helped... Comments removed...
namespace Enum.Extensions {
public static class EnumerationExtensions {
public static bool Has<T>(this System.Enum type, T value) {
try {
return (((int)(object)type & (int)(object)value) == (int)(object)value);
}
catch {
return false;
}
}
public static bool Is<T>(this System.Enum type, T value) {
try {
return (int)(object)type == (int)(object)value;
}
catch {
return false;
}
}
public static T Add<T>(this System.Enum type, T value) {
try {
return (T)(object)(((int)(object)type | (int)(object)value));
}
catch(Exception ex) {
throw new ArgumentException(
string.Format(
"Could not append value from enumerated type '{0}'.",
typeof(T).Name
), ex);
}
}
public static T Remove<T>(this System.Enum type, T value) {
try {
return (T)(object)(((int)(object)type & ~(int)(object)value));
}
catch (Exception ex) {
throw new ArgumentException(
string.Format(
"Could not remove value from enumerated type '{0}'.",
typeof(T).Name
), ex);
}
}
}
}
Then they are used like the following
SomeType value = SomeType.Grapes;
bool isGrapes = value.Is(SomeType.Grapes); //true
bool hasGrapes = value.Has(SomeType.Grapes); //true
value = value.Add(SomeType.Oranges);
value = value.Add(SomeType.Apples);
value = value.Remove(SomeType.Grapes);
bool hasOranges = value.Has(SomeType.Oranges); //true
bool isApples = value.Is(SomeType.Apples); //false
bool hasGrapes = value.Has(SomeType.Grapes); //false

In .NET 4 you can now write:
flags.HasFlag(FlagsEnum.Bit4)

The idiom is to use the bitwise or-equal operator to set bits:
flags |= 0x04;
To clear a bit, the idiom is to use bitwise and with negation:
flags &= ~0x04;
Sometimes you have an offset that identifies your bit, and then the idiom is to use these combined with left-shift:
flags |= 1 << offset;
flags &= ~(1 << offset);

#Drew
Note that except in the simplest of cases, the Enum.HasFlag carries a heavy performance penalty in comparison to writing out the code manually. Consider the following code:
[Flags]
public enum TestFlags
{
One = 1,
Two = 2,
Three = 4,
Four = 8,
Five = 16,
Six = 32,
Seven = 64,
Eight = 128,
Nine = 256,
Ten = 512
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
TestFlags f = TestFlags.Five; /* or any other enum */
bool result = false;
Stopwatch s = Stopwatch.StartNew();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
{
result |= f.HasFlag(TestFlags.Three);
}
s.Stop();
Console.WriteLine(s.ElapsedMilliseconds); // *4793 ms*
s.Restart();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
{
result |= (f & TestFlags.Three) != 0;
}
s.Stop();
Console.WriteLine(s.ElapsedMilliseconds); // *27 ms*
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Over 10 million iterations, the HasFlags extension method takes a whopping 4793 ms, compared to the 27 ms for the standard bitwise implementation.

.NET's built-in flag enum operations are unfortunately quite limited. Most of the time users are left with figuring out the bitwise operation logic.
In .NET 4, the method HasFlag was added to Enum which helps simplify user's code but unfortunately there are many problems with it.
HasFlag is not type-safe as it accepts any type of enum value argument, not just the given enum type.
HasFlag is ambiguous as to whether it checks if the value has all or any of the flags provided by the enum value argument. It's all by the way.
HasFlag is rather slow as it requires boxing which causes allocations and thus more garbage collections.
Due in part to .NET's limited support for flag enums I wrote the OSS library Enums.NET which addresses each of these issues and makes dealing with flag enums much easier.
Below are some of the operations it provides along with their equivalent implementations using just the .NET framework.
Combine Flags
.NET flags | otherFlags
Enums.NET flags.CombineFlags(otherFlags)
Remove Flags
.NET flags & ~otherFlags
Enums.NET flags.RemoveFlags(otherFlags)
Common Flags
.NET flags & otherFlags
Enums.NET flags.CommonFlags(otherFlags)
Toggle Flags
.NET flags ^ otherFlags
Enums.NET flags.ToggleFlags(otherFlags)
Has All Flags
.NET (flags & otherFlags) == otherFlags or flags.HasFlag(otherFlags)
Enums.NET flags.HasAllFlags(otherFlags)
Has Any Flags
.NET (flags & otherFlags) != 0
Enums.NET flags.HasAnyFlags(otherFlags)
Get Flags
.NET
Enumerable.Range(0, 64)
.Where(bit => ((flags.GetTypeCode() == TypeCode.UInt64 ? (long)(ulong)flags : Convert.ToInt64(flags)) & (1L << bit)) != 0)
.Select(bit => Enum.ToObject(flags.GetType(), 1L << bit))`
Enums.NET flags.GetFlags()
I'm trying to get these improvements incorporated into .NET Core and maybe eventually the full .NET Framework. You can check out my proposal here.

C++ syntax, assuming bit 0 is LSB, assuming flags is unsigned long:
Check if Set:
flags & (1UL << (bit to test# - 1))
Check if not set:
invert test !(flag & (...))
Set:
flag |= (1UL << (bit to set# - 1))
Clear:
flag &= ~(1UL << (bit to clear# - 1))
Toggle:
flag ^= (1UL << (bit to set# - 1))

For the best performance and zero garbage, use this:
using System;
using T = MyNamespace.MyFlags;
namespace MyNamespace
{
[Flags]
public enum MyFlags
{
None = 0,
Flag1 = 1,
Flag2 = 2
}
static class MyFlagsEx
{
public static bool Has(this T type, T value)
{
return (type & value) == value;
}
public static bool Is(this T type, T value)
{
return type == value;
}
public static T Add(this T type, T value)
{
return type | value;
}
public static T Remove(this T type, T value)
{
return type & ~value;
}
}
}

Bitwise (Flags) enum guide
Old, but wanted to take a stab at a cheat sheet, even if for my own reference:
Operation
Syntax
Example
On
|=
e |= E.A
Off
&= + ~
e &= ~E.A
Toggle
^=
e ^= E.A
Test (.NET API)
.HasFlag
e.HasFlag(E.A)
Test (bitwise)
(see example)
(e & E.A) == E.A
Examples
[Flags]
enum E {
A = 0b1,
B = 0b10,
C = 0b100
}
E e = E.A; // Assign (e = A)
e |= E.B | E.C; // Add (e = A, B, C)
e &= ~E.A & ~E.B; // Remove (e = C) -- alt syntax: &= ~(E.A | E.B)
e ^= E.A | E.C; // Toggle (e = A)
e.HasFlag(E.A); // Test (returns true)
// Testing multiple flags using bit operations:
bool hasAandB = ( e & (E.A | E.B) ) == (E.A | E.B);
Bonus: defining a Flags enum
Typically, we use integers like so:
[Flags]
enum E {
A = 1,
B = 2,
C = 4,
// etc.
But as we approach larger numbers, it's not as easy to calculate the next value:
// ...
W = 4194304,
X = 8388608,
// ..
There are a couple of alternatives, however: binary and hexadecimal literals.
For Binary, just append a 0 at the end of the previous value:
[Flags]
enum E {
A = 0b1,
B = 0b10,
C = 0b100,
// ...
W = 0b100_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000,
X = 0b1000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000,
Hexadecimal also has a handy pattern and might look a bit less ugly: cycle through 1, 2, 4, 8, adding a zero after each complete iteration.
[Flags]
enum E {
A = 0x1,
B = 0x2,
C = 0x4,
D = 0x8,
E = 0x10, // 16
F = 0x20, // 32, etc.
// ...
W = 0x400000,
X = 0x800000,

To test a bit you would do the following:
(assuming flags is a 32 bit number)
Test Bit:
if((flags & 0x08) == 0x08) (If bit 4 is set then its true)
Toggle Back (1 - 0 or 0 - 1): flags = flags ^ 0x08;
Reset Bit 4 to Zero: flags = flags & 0xFFFFFF7F;

This was inspired by using Sets as indexers in Delphi, way back when:
/// Example of using a Boolean indexed property
/// to manipulate a [Flags] enum:
public class BindingFlagsIndexer
{
BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags.Default;
public BindingFlagsIndexer()
{
}
public BindingFlagsIndexer( BindingFlags value )
{
this.flags = value;
}
public bool this[BindingFlags index]
{
get
{
return (this.flags & index) == index;
}
set( bool value )
{
if( value )
this.flags |= index;
else
this.flags &= ~index;
}
}
public BindingFlags Value
{
get
{
return flags;
}
set( BindingFlags value )
{
this.flags = value;
}
}
public static implicit operator BindingFlags( BindingFlagsIndexer src )
{
return src != null ? src.Value : BindingFlags.Default;
}
public static implicit operator BindingFlagsIndexer( BindingFlags src )
{
return new BindingFlagsIndexer( src );
}
}
public static class Class1
{
public static void Example()
{
BindingFlagsIndexer myFlags = new BindingFlagsIndexer();
// Sets the flag(s) passed as the indexer:
myFlags[BindingFlags.ExactBinding] = true;
// Indexer can specify multiple flags at once:
myFlags[BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static] = true;
// Get boolean indicating if specified flag(s) are set:
bool flatten = myFlags[BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy];
// use | to test if multiple flags are set:
bool isProtected = ! myFlags[BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic];
}
}

C++ operations are: & | ^ ~ (for and, or, xor and not bitwise operations). Also of interest are >> and <<, which are bitshift operations.
So, to test for a bit being set in a flag, you would use:
if (flags & 8) //tests bit 4 has been set