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c# how to detect intersecting circles as separate from edgepoints

I am trying to create a 2(or more) circles from a list of edgepoints which is sorted. A egdepoint is just a point. A list of edgepoints make the edge of a circle. Drawing a line between the edgepoints gives the black line in the pictures. So there is no radius and circles can vary in size.
It looks like this:
My idea is to split it like picture 2. Next, create circles like in this article. Ofcourse with the fist, middle and last point.
I created a method to detect whether the edgepoints are sorted clockwise or counter clockwise. Unfortunately I am stuck on how to detect these "split points" The picture can be rotated ofcourse.
The result should be 2(or more) list with edgepoints:
So how can I detect these "split points"? Or is there a better way to detect intersecting circles as separate?

Input: Something like Point[]. Output: Something like List[Circle]
Assume input is sorted by position around the outer edge of some picture that is made up of overlapping circles. Any points in the interior of the picture are not included.
I thought about it more and I think you can find the points easier if you consider slope. Points where the slope varies wildly are the points you are looking for.
[Revised thought - Find the transition points first, then the circles.]
Start by using a function to calculate the slope of a line segment between two points. As you go around a circle, you will have a reasonable change in slope (you will have to discover this by reviewing how close the points are together). Say you have points like { A, B, C, D, ...}. Compute the slope of A->B and B->C. If the points are evenly spaced, that difference or the average difference might be a tolerance (you have to be careful of transition points here - maybe compute an average over the entire set of points). If at some point the slope of K->L and L->M is very different from J->K and K->L then record that index as a transition point. Once you have traversed the whole set (include a test for Y->Z and Z->A as well if it is a closed shape), the recorded indexes should define the transition points. Use the mid-point of each segment as the third point for each circle. (e.g. if you identified I and M as transition points, then use I, K, and M to define a circle).
[Original thought - find the circles first]
Use the referenced article to determine the center of a circle based on three points. Then determine if it is really an interesting circle by testing some of the points around the reference points. (Say, pick every 5th or 10th point then verify with all the interior points). With more overlapping circles, this becomes a less effective process so you will have to define the algorithm carefully. Once you get all the reference circles, process through all of the edge points (assuming these are points on the exterior of the drawing). Using center, radius, a distance formula, and a tolerance, determine which points are on which circle. Points that fit the tolerance on more than one circle are the points you are looking for I think.

Is there an algorithm to generate a graph outline?

I've searched the Internet and maybe I'm missing some correct keywords but I managed to find nothing like this. I only found the poly-lines (or just the lines) which are not exactly the graphs. I would like to generate a graph outline (of radius r) as seen in the picture. Is there something already available? I would like to avoid reinventing the wheel so to speak.
If anyone can at hint me at something or at least at some basic principle how to do it it would be great. Otherwise I'll "invent" one on my own of course.
Optimally in C#.
Update: I need to calculate outline polygon, not just visually draw it. The green points represents the resulting polygon. Also the "inner" holes are ignored completely. Only one outline polygon should be enough.
Update 2: Better picture to show some more extreme cases. Also the edges of graph never overlap so no need to accommodate for that.
Update 3: Picture updated yet again to reflect the bevel joins.

First, for every "line piece" from point A to B, generate the rectangle to it (all 4 points as "path", so to say). Then search two overlapping rectangles and merge them:
Merging is a bit complicated, the idea: Start with calculating the angle of all 8 lines (eg. if the rectangles are traversed clockwise). Then traverse one rectangle until the first line-line-intersection, check with the angles which direction is "outside", and move along the crossing line of the second rectangle ... until you arrive at the start point again => Now you traversed the shape of both together (and hopefully saved it somewhere).
Merge until only one large piece is left (or multiple non-overlapping pieces). In theory, starting from any point, you can traverse the whole shape, but there´s another problem: Holes are possible.
If one shape has two or more disjuct sets of points (where no point from set 2 is reachable from set 1 and vice-versa), all but one disjunct path is of a hole. An easy possibility to get the real outer border is to search for an extremum, ie. the point with the largest or smallest X or Y coordinate (only one of the 4 combinations in enough). This point surely is a part of the outer border.

Find if one Polygon is inside another

I want to find out if one polygon is inside another by giving an array of points of each vertex. Is there any simple way to do that?
Edit: it's not enough to check whether minimum point of inner is greater than outer and maximum point for outer is less then inner. It's not the sufficient condition. Proof:

Once you've checked that the minimum bounding box for polygon A lies inside that for polygon B I think you're going to have to check each edge of A for non-intersection with all the edges of B.
This is, I think, a simple approach, but I suspect you really want a clever approach which is more efficient.

I have done something very similar using Java2D particularly the Area class. The code for that class is freely available if you want to replicate the functionality. An easier option might be to look at this library: http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~toby/alan/software/ It should allow you to do what you want or give you starting points anyway.

some point of polygon1 lies inside of polygon2
you can use ray casting here
there are no edge-edge intersection between polygons
for large numbers of edges space-partition trees may increase speed, for small number of edges N*M enumeration is OK

First, use axis-aligned boundary boxes to see if they're anywhere near one another. (Essentially, draw an X-Y aligned box around each one and see if they are intersecting. This is MUCH easier than the case for polygons and generally saves a lot of time.)
If the boxes intersect, you should now perform detailed intersection testing. You'll want to draw a line perpendicular to each side of the "outside" polygon and project all of the points from both of them onto the line. Then, check that the resulting points for the inside polygon are between the points projected from the outside polygon.
I understand that example is difficult to visualize at first- I recommend this tutorial about collision detection to people interested in this area:
http://www.wildbunny.co.uk/blog/2011/04/20/collision-detection-for-dummies/
However, your task is slightly different as mentioned because you are projecting onto the perpendicular line for each side and you need ALL of them to contain the segment. I also suggest boning up a bit on the notion of a projection and your linear algebra if you want to do a lot of this.

Your question is underdetermined - just giving the coordinates of each vertex is not enough to specify a polygon. Example: draw a square and fill in the diagonals. Your five vertices are the square's corners and the point at the diagonals' intersection. From these vertices, it is possible to construct four different polygons: each one is constructed by using the edges of the original drawing, while removing one single edge from the square and limiting the diagonals (I hope this is clear enough).
EDIT: Apparently it wasn't clear enough. Let a1, a2, a3, a4 be vertices corresponding to the four points of a square (say, clockwise from top left), and let a5 be a vertex corresponding to the intersection of the square's diagonals. Just for the sake of the example, here are two polygons which fit the above vertices:
1. (a1,a2),(a2,a5),(a5,a3),(a3,a4),(a4,a1). This should look like a right-facing pacman.
2. (a1,a2),(a2,a3),(a3,a4),(a4,a5),(a5,a1). This should look like a left-facing pacman.

C#: 2D sub-Tile Line intersection

I have some problems getting an algorithm for my game to work and hope someone here can help me. Google didn't seem to be a good help as most solutions just work for full tiles.
In the game units can occupy different positions inside a tile, i.e. they can be in the upper left corner, center, bottom right, ... position of tile (2/3), i.e. (2.2/3.1), (2.5/3.5), (2.8/3.9).
If they move from position (2.2/3.1) to (5.7/4.1) i require a check to see if there is an obstacle in the path.
My current algorithm is:
Starting from (2.2/3.1)
Calculate the angle of the movement (i.e. 70 degree)
Move 0.1 steps in that direction
Check which tile i'm on (floor(p.X)/floor(p.Y))
Repeat from 2
This algorithm works but to me it doesn't look very efficient as an obstacle can be only a full tile, not a part of a tile (units don't collide). If i increase the step size i begin to miss tiles that are only crossed slightly (i.e. you only cross the lowest left corner). Even with a step size of 0.1 it's still possible to miss an obstacle.
I tried to find a solution to take the sub map (all tiles with the corners (floor(start.X)/floor(start.Y)) and (ceil(start.X)/ceil(start.Y)), move through every tile and check mathmatically if it gets crossed. Sadly i seem to lack the required math knowledge for this check.
My last idea was to take all 4 borders of a tile as a line and do line-intersection but that seems to be slower than my original approach.
Any hints?
Thanks.

Instead of tracing the path by stepping along the line - you want to jump right to the next possible tile (the border). This can be calculated fairly simply. I will use your sample numbers above.
Calculate the line eqn (y= .286x + 2.471)
You are starting on tile 2,3 and moving towards tile 5,4. So calculate the y value when x goes to 3 (the border to the tile immediately to the right). It is 3.329.
Then calculate the x value when y goes to 4 (the border to the tile immediately above). It is 5.346.
Starting at 2,3 and moving right gets to 3,3.329. Moving up gets to 5.346,4. You intersect on the right(moving 2 -> 3 on x doesn't move a tile on y). You don't intersect above until you are on tile 5 in the x.
The tile calculated in 4 becomes your new comparison (3,3). Repeat from step 2.
This process only incurs one calculation per tile moved (regardless of your precision or how big the tiles are) and is exact. Note that the values calculated can be stored and reused instead of blindly calculating both intersections over and over. In the above we know (step 4) that we don't move up a tile until x=5. So the entire path can be inferred without another calculation (2,3 -> 3,3 -> 4,3 -> 5,3 -> 5,4).
It is also possible to precalculate all the transistions instead of doing them stepwise although this would only be beneficial if you always need the entire path (you don't since you want to stop processing once you find an obstacle).
Two caveats. Be careful about signs and which way the line is going - many a bug happen by not paying close attention to negative slopes. Also, using reals you almost never will cross diagonally (two borders at once) but you should be aware of it (handle it in the code) just in case.
There is a name for this method but I can't remember it off the top of my head. I believe it might be from Game Programming Gems series but maybe someone else can provide a better reference.

What is the quickest way to find the shortest cartesian distance between two polygons

I have 1 red polygon say and 50 randomly placed blue polygons - they are situated in geographical 2D space. What is the quickest/speediest algorithim to find the the shortest distance between a red polygon and its nearest blue polygon?
Bear in mind that it is not a simple case of taking the points that make up the vertices of the polygon as values to test for distance as they may not necessarily be the closest points.
So in the end - the answer should give back the closest blue polygon to the singular red one.
This is harder than it sounds!

I doubt there is better solution than calculating the distance between the red one and every blue one and sorting these by length.
Regarding sorting, usually QuickSort is hard to beat in performance (an optimized one, that cuts off recursion if size goes below 7 items and switches to something like InsertionSort, maybe ShellSort).
Thus I guess the question is how to quickly calculate the distance between two polygons, after all you need to make this computation 50 times.
The following approach will work for 3D as well, but is probably not the fastest one:
Minimum Polygon Distance in 2D Space
The question is, are you willing to trade accuracy for speed? E.g. you can pack all polygons into bounding boxes, where the sides of the boxes are parallel to the coordinate system axes. 3D games use this approach pretty often. Therefor you need to find the maximum and minimum values for every coordinate (x, y, z) to construct the virtual bounding box. Calculating the distances of these bounding boxes is then a pretty trivial task.
Here's an example image of more advanced bounding boxes, that are not parallel to the coordinate system axes:
Oriented Bounding Boxes - OBB
However, this makes the distance calculation less trivial. It is used for collision detection, as you don't need to know the distance for that, you only need to know if one edge of one bounding box lies within another bounding box.
The following image shows an axes aligned bounding box:
Axes Aligned Bounding Box - AABB
OOBs are more accurate, AABBs are faster. Maybe you'd like to read this article:
Advanced Collision Detection Techniques
This is always assuming, that you are willing to trade precision for speed. If precision is more important than speed, you may need a more advanced technique.

You might be able to reduce the problem, and then do an intensive search on a small set.
Process each polygon first by finding:
Center of polygon
Maximum radius of polygon (i.e., point on edge/surface/vertex of the polygon furthest from the defined center)
Now you can collect, say, the 5-10 closest polygons to the red one (find the distance center to center, subtract the radius, sort the list and take the top 5) and then do a much more exhaustive routine.

For polygon shapes with a reasonable number of boundary points such as in a GIS or games application it might be quicker easier to do a series of tests.
For each vertex in the red polygon compute the distance to each vertex in the blue polygons and find the closest (hint, compare distance^2 so you don't need the sqrt() )
Find the closest, then check the vertex on each side of the found red and blue vertex to decide which line segments are closest and then find the closest approach between two line segments.
See http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/geometry/lineline3d/ (it's easy to simply for the 2d case)

This screening technique is intended to reduce the number of distance computations you need to perform in the average case, without compromising the accuracy of the result. It works on convex and concave polygons.
Find the the minimum distance between each pair of vertexes such that one is a red vertex and one is a blue. Call it r. The distance between the polygons is at most r. Construct a new region from the red polygon where each line segment is moved outward by r and is joined to its neighbors by an arc of radius r is centered at the vertex. Find the distance from each vertex inside this region to every line segment of the opposite color that intersects this region.
Of course you could add an approximate method such as bounding boxes to quickly determine which of the blue polygons can't possibly intersect with the red region.

Maybe the Frechet Distance is what your looking for?
Computing the Fréchet distance between two polygonal curves
Computing the Fréchet Distance Between Simple Polygons

I know you said "the shortest distance" but you really meant the optimal solution or a "good/very good" solution is fine for your problem?
Because if you need to find the optimal solution, you have to calculate the distance between all of your source and destination poligon bounds (not only vertexes). If you are in 3D space then each bound is a plane. That can be a big problem (O(n^2)) depending on how many vertexes you have.
So if you have vertex count that makes that squares to a scarry number AND a "good/very good" solution is fine for you, go for a heuristic solution or approximation.

You might want to look at Voronoi Culling. Paper and video here:
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~geom/DVD/

I would start by bounding all the polygons by a bounding circle and then finding an upper bound of the minimal distance.
Then i would simply check the edges of all blue polygons whose lower bound of distance is lower than the upper bound of minimal distance against all the edges of the red polygon.
upper bound of min distance = min {distance(red's center, current blue's center) + current blue's radius}
for every blue polygon where distance(red's center, current blue's center) - current blue's radius < upper bound of min distance
check distance of edges and vertices
But it all depends on your data. If the blue polygons are relatively small compared to the distances between them and the red polygon, then this approach should work nicely, but if they are very close, you won't save anything (many of them will be close enough). And another thing -- If these polygons don't have many vertices (like if most of them were triangles), then it might be almost as fast to just check each red edge against each blue edge.
hope it helps

As others have mentioned using bounding areas (boxes, circles) may allow you to discard some polygon-polygon interactions. There are several strategies for this, e.g.
Pick any blue polygon and find the distance from the red one. Now pick any other polygon. If the minimum distance between the bounding areas is greater than the already found distance you can ignore this polygon. Continue for all polygons.
Find the minimum distance/centroid distance between the red polygon and all the blue polygons. Sort the distances and consider the smallest distance first. Calculate the actual minimum distance and continue through the sorted list until the maximum distance between the polygons is greater than the minimum distance found so far.
Your choice of circles/axially aligned boxes, or oriented boxes can have a great affect on performance of the algorithm, dependent on the actual layout of the input polygons.
For the actual minimum distance calculation you could use Yang et al's 'A new fast algorithm for computing the distance between two disjoint convex polygons based on Voronoi diagram' which is O(log n + log m).

Gotta run off to a funeral in a sec, but if you break your polygons down into convex subpolies, there are some optimizations you can do. You can do a binary searches on each poly to find the closest vertex, and then I believe the closest point should either be that vertex, or an adjacent edge. This means you should be able to do it in log(log m * n) where m is the average number of vertices on a poly, and n is the number of polies. This is kind of hastey, so it could be wrong. Will give more details later if wanted.

You could start by comparing the distance between the bounding boxes. Testing the distance between rectangles is easier than testing the distance between polygons, and you can immediately eliminate any polygons that are more than nearest_rect + its_diagonal away (possibly you can refine that even more). Then, you can test the remaining polygons to find the closest polygon.
There are algorithms for finding polygon proximity - I'm sure Wikipedia has a good review of them. If I recall correctly, those that only allow convex polygons are substantially faster.

I believe what you are looking for is the A* algorithm, its used in pathfinding.

The naive approach is to find the distance between the red and 50 blue objects -- so you're looking at 50 3d Pythagorean calculations + sorting to find the answer. That would only really work for finding the distance between center points though.
If you want arbitrary polygons, maybe your best best is a raytracing solution that emits rays from the surface of the red polygon with respect to the normal, and reports when another polygon is hit.
A hybrid might work -- we could find the distance from the center points, assuming we had some notion of the relative size of the blue polygons, we could cull the result set to the closest among those, then use raytracing to narrow down the truly closest polygon(s).