I want to know the difference between the public and internal visibility modifiers.
When should we use internal on a class and when public? I am confused with when a method should be public or internal.
I read that internal can be accessed through the assembly, while public can also be used through the assembly. Then where does the difference lie?
public is visible from wherever.
internal is visible only within an assembly.
You tend to use internal only to protect internal APIs. For example, you could expose several overloads of a method:
public int Add(int x, int y)
public int Add(int x,int y, int z)
Both of which call the internal method:
internal int Add(int[] numbers)
You can then put a lot of sophistication on a method, but "protect" it using facade methods that may help the programmer to call the method correctly. (The implementation method with the array parameter may have an arbitrary limit of values, for example.)
Also worth noting that using Reflection, any and all methods are callable regardless of their visibility. Another "hack" to control/gain access to internally hidden APIs.
internal is useful when you want to declare a member or type inside a DLL, not outside that.
Normally, when you declare a member as public, you can access that from other DLLs. But, if you need to declare something to be public just inside your class library, you can declare it as internal.
In formal definition: internal members are visible just inside the current assembly.
internal is also useful when writing unit tests. The InternalsVisibleTo attribute lets your test assembly access internal methods in your code assembly. That is, you can test methods that appear private to the outside world without using reflection.
Public can also be accessed outside of the assembly. So when you have a class that shouldn't be accessed every class in the assembly should be able to access it, then internal is the right thing. If you need outside access, use public.
Also, properties marked as internal will throw a BindingExpression path error if used for DataBinding in WPF. So those have to be public in order to work properly, even when the DataBinding takes place within the same assembly.
In general, public methods should meet very high standards for robustness (not crashing or corrupting data due to bad input) and security awareness (not allowing unexpected input to trigger an exploit). But for internal, protected, and private methods, it will often be reasonable to follow more relaxed standards, since one has full control over what inputs each method can receive.
Because parameters passed to a public method (possibly from an external source) are considered less trustworthy than parameters received from within one's own assembly, methods marked as public are often treated differently by code analyzers than otherwise identical methods marked as internal. Just as an example, with a public method the analyzer may warn you to check that the method's parameters are not null. With internal methods, it may be possible to configure the analyzer to be less strict about null checking. Or the analyzer may be able to determine on its own, by doing flow analysis of all the source files for the assembly, that null will never be passed to the particular method as an argument, and thus determine there is no need to check if the parameter is null. There are many other examples of analyzers treating public and internal methods differently.
By correctly marking classes, methods, properties, fields, interfaces, etc. with the correct access modifiers, you correctly signal to code analyzers your intent, and then in return the analyzer can give you more relevant warning messages and advice.
In a very simple language:
Internal : you will only able to access within a assembly.
for ex: if you have created a AccountService.csproj with internal class
public interface IAccount{
int TotalAmount(long accountID);
}
internal class Account:IAccount{
public int TotalAmount(long accountID){
...
}
}
public class Customer{
public long accountID {get;set;}
public int GetTotalAmount(){
IAccount account = new Account();
return account.TotalAmount(accountID)
}
}
if you are referring AccountService.csProj to BankService.csProj (BankService.csProj --> AccountService.csproj)
Below are the properties that accessible in BankService.csProj
Customer.GetTotalAmount() -- Accessible
IAccount.TotalAmount() -- Accessible
Account.TotalAmount() -- Not Accessible (as account class is internal)
If you can Reference the assemble from outside , you have scope of Internal and public classes
Related
In my C# project I have methods that call other methods like this:
options = ReferenceUtilities.GetMenuStatuses();
In my ReferenceUtilities I have coded:
internal static SelectList GetMenuStatuses()
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
But should I be using internal or private? I am not sure of the difference here.
As people have already answered, internal means that the member can be accesed by other code in the same assembly. private means that it can be accessed from other code in the same class.
However, one important point to add:
In Properties/Assemblyinfo.cs, you can add the [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("something")] statement, that lets you access the internal methods from a different assembly.
This can be extremely useful for unit testing purposes, and is a good reason to sometimes use internal over private.
(There is a huge debate over unit testing internals or not, but it is good to know about the possibility.)
internal means that the member can be accesed by other code in the same assembly. private means that it can be accessed from other code in the same class.
This has nothing to do with whether the method calls other methods.
Internal means that other classes in the same assembly can see the method. Private means only the class where the method is defined can see it. If the method will only ever be called by the class that defines it, use private. Otherwise, use internal. Public should only be used when classes outside the assembly need to call the method directly.
As always, there are exceptions, but this is a good general rule to live by.
Going a bit further, service classes (i.e. methods that exist solely to provide a service or feature) should implement interfaces that define the contract for that service or feature. Other classes should pass around an instance of that interface so that only the interface methods are available.
internal is between assemblies while private is between classes
internal: not visible to code from other assemblies, only visible in this assembly
private: not visible to other classes. only visible in this class
public: visible to other classes or assemblies [for class]
There is a lot of code in one of our projects that looks like this:
internal static class Extensions
{
public static string AddFoo(this string s)
{
if (s == null)
{
return "Foo";
}
return $({s}Foo);
}
}
Is there any explicit reason to do this other than "it is easier to make the type public later?"
I suspect it only matters in very strange edge cases (reflection in Silverlight) or not at all.
UPDATE: This question was the subject of my blog in September 2014. Thanks for the great question!
There is considerable debate on this question even within the compiler team itself.
First off, it's wise to understand the rules. A public member of a class or struct is a member that is accessible to anything that can access the containing type. So a public member of an internal class is effectively internal.
So now, given an internal class, should its members that you wish to access in the assembly be marked as public or internal?
My opinion is: mark such members as public.
I use "public" to mean "this member is not an implementation detail". A protected member is an implementation detail; there is something about it that is going to be needed to make a derived class work. An internal member is an implementation detail; something else internal to this assembly needs the member in order to work correctly. A public member says "this member represents the key, documented functionality provided by this object."
Basically, my attitude is: suppose I decided to make this internal class into a public class. In order to do that, I want to change exactly one thing: the accessibility of the class. If turning an internal class into a public class means that I have to also turn an internal member into a public member, then that member was part of the public surface area of the class, and it should have been public in the first place.
Other people disagree. There is a contingent that says that they want to be able to glance at the declaration of a member and immediately know whether it is going to be called only from internal code.
Unfortunately, that doesn't always work out nicely; for example, an internal class that implements an internal interface still has to have the implementing members marked as public, because they are part of the public surface of the class.
If the class is internal, it doesn't matter from an accessibility standpoint whether you mark a method internal or public. However it is still good to use the type you would use if the class were public.
While some have said that this eases transitions from internal to public. It also serves as part of the description of the method. Internal methods typically are considered unsafe for unfettered access, while public methods are considered to be (mostly) free game.
By using internal or public as you would in a public class, you ensure that you are communicating what style of access is expected, while also easing the work required to make the class public in the future.
I suspect that "it is easier to make the type public later?" is it.
The scoping rules mean that the method will only be visible as internal - so it really doesn't matter whether the methods are marked public or internal.
One possibility that comes to mind is that the class was public and was later changed to internal and the developer didn't bother to change all the method accessibility modifiers.
I often mark my methods in internal classes public instead of internal as a) it doesn't really matter and b) I use internal to indicate that the method is internal on purpose (there is some reason why I don't want to expose this method in a public class. Therefore, if I have an internal method I really have to understand the reason why it's internal before changing it to public whereas if I am dealing with a public method in an internal class I really have to think about why the class is internal as opposed to why each method is internal.
In some cases, it may also be that the internal type implements a public interface which would mean that any methods defined on that interface would still need to be declared as public.
It's the same, the public method will be really marked as internal since it's inside a internal class, but it has an advantaje(as you guested), if you want to mark the class as public, you have to change fewer code.
For the same reason as using public methods in any other class - so that they're public to the outside of the containing type.
Type's access modifier has exactly zero to do with its members' access modifiers. The two decisions are made completely independently.
Just because certain combinations of type and members' modifiers produce seemingly (or as others call it "effectively") the same result doesn't mean they're semantically the same.
Local access modifier of a an entity (as declared in code) and its global effective access level (as evaluated through the chain of containment) are completely different things, too. An open office inside of a locked building is still open, even though you can't really enter it from the street.
Don't think of the end effect. Think of what you need locally, first.
Public's Public: classic situation.
Public's Internal: type is public but you want some semi-legal access in the assembly to do some hacky-wacky stuff.
Internal's Public: you hide the whole type but within the assembly it has a classic public surface
Internal's Internal: I can't think of any real world example. Perhaps something soon to become public's internal?
Internal's Public vs Internal's Internal is a false dilemma. The two have completely different meaning and should be used each in their own set of situations, non-overlapping.
internal says the member can only be accessed from within the same assembly. Other classes in that assembly can access the internal public member, but would not be able to access a private or protected member, internal or not.
I actually struggled with this today. Until now I would have said that methods should all be marked with internal if the class was internal and would have considered anything else simply bad coding or laziness, specially in enterprise development; however, I had to sub class a public class and override one of it's methods:
internal class SslStreamEx : System.Net.Security.SslStream
{
public override void Close()
{
try
{
// Send close_notify manually
}
finally
{
base.Close();
}
}
}
The method MUST be public and it got me thinking that there's really no logical point to setting methods as internal unless they really must be, as Eric Lippert said.
Until now I've never really stopped to think about it, I just accepted it, but after reading Eric's post it really got me thinking and after a lot of deliberating it makes a lot of sense.
There does be a difference.
In our project we have made a lot of classes internal, but we do unit test in another assembly and in our assembly info we used InternalsVisibleTo to allow the UnitTest assembly to call the internal classes.
I've noticed if internal class has an internal constructor we are not able to create instance using Activator.CreateInstance in the unit test assembly for some reason. But if we change the constructor to public but class is still internal, it works fine.
But I guess this is a very rare case (Like Eric said in the original post: Reflection).
I think I have an additional opinion on this. At first, I was wondering about how it makes sense to declare something to public in an internal class. Then I have ended up here, reading that it could be good if you later decide to change the class to public. True. So, a pattern formed in my mind: If it does not change the current behavior, then be permissive, and allow things that does not makes sense (and does not hurt) in the current state of code, but later it would, if you change the declaration of the class.
Like this:
public sealed class MyCurrentlySealedClass
{
protected void MyCurretlyPrivateMethod()
{
}
}
According to the "pattern" I have mentioned above, this should be perfectly fine. It follows the same idea. It behaves as a private method, since you can not inherit the class. But if you delete the sealed constraint, it is still valid: the inherited classes can see this method, which is absolutely what I wanted to achieve. But you get a warning: CS0628, or CA1047. Both of them is about do not declare protected members in a sealed class. Moreover, I have found full agreement, about that it is senseless: 'Protected member in sealed class' warning (a singleton class)
So after this warning and the discussion linked, I have decided to make everything internal or less, in an internal class, because it conforms more that kind of thinking, and we don't mix different "patterns".
I have a class with a public property, that I want to restrict access to _for_some_modules_.
(The modules that use this class reside in different assemblies, so internal does not help.)
My first thought was to subclass, and make the derived property accessor private or protected, but this is not possible. The derived property has to have the same access rights. (See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/75e8y5dd.aspx)
Any suggestions? I assume it is a common task to make a more restricted variant of a class?
Thanks!
You can use the InternalsVisibleToAttribute to make the internal members of the class visible to other assemblies (as many as you like). The documentation page has an example.
I assume it is a common task to make a
more restricted variant of a class?
This is not a common task since it violates the Liskov substitution principle - you can't use the sub class the same way as you would use the base class in regards to the property you restrict access to. You should consider refactoring your class hierarchy.
You could solve the problem through composition - make the class A internal only and write a public wrapper class that has a member of type A and delegates and controls access to the A's properties / methods.
Making more restricted subclasses is actually not common because it would break consumers of the base class that assumed they had access to the public members. In general, your classes should start out restrictive and get less so as they specialize, not vice-versa.
The concept you're looking for is called a "friend" class in other languages, but C# (purposely) doesn't implement them. The InternalsVisibleToAttribte is as close as it gets, but that is applied at the assembly level, so it may not work for you.
Without more information on why you are trying to restrict access this way, it's hard to give any good general-purpose alternatives. The access modifiers like public/private/etc aren't designed to be a security mechanism, since Reflection will get you access to read/write everything regardless. They're more of a hint to the consumers as to what is safe to use -- public members will usually remain stable across new versions, while private (implementation-detail) members are more likely to change.
You can always do something like this:
class MyBaseClass
{
protected string MyRestrictedProperty { get; set; }
}
class MyClass : MyBaseClass
{
public string MyPublicProperty
{
get { return MyRestrictedProperty; }
set { MyRestrictedProperty = value; }
}
}
Suppose that we have a class named class1.
The class1 has several properties and methods and we have decided to specify the access specifier of class1 as internal.
Now, can we set the access specifier of class1 methods as public?
For your specific question, Class 1 which is declared as internal can have a public method.
Why?
Look at Jon Skeets explanation:
You can certainly mark a class as
internal, but that's different from
making its public members internal.
For instance, suppose you have a class
which implements a public interface.
Even though the class may be internal,
an instance may still "get out of the
assembly" by being returned from a
member in another (public) class. That
instance would have to be referenced
by the interface it implements rather
than the class name itself (as the
class isn't known to the outside
assembly) but the public methods can
still be called.
If the public methods aren't
implementing any interfaces, I suspect
it would only make a difference in a
very few reflection cases which you
may not care about.
community wiki - as credit should go to Jon Skeet
Yes, you can set public on members of internal/private/etc types.
As other replies have noted, external code won't be able to see the properties unless it can see the type - but there are lots of nuances:
if the member is on an interface it will be (essentially) part of the public API
the member might be a public override of a virtual/abstract member - in which case it will truly be publicly visible, but via the base-class (again, similar to interfaces)
But there is a lot of other code in the framework that uses reflection and demands public accessibility:
data binding usually works on the public properties
security checks for partial-trust can be fussy about public members
serialization (for example XmlSerializer) may want public members
etc
So there are still lots of reasons to think about public rather than just internal, even if your code is only referenced by the local assembly.
By rule access specifiers on methods and properties can not be more more accessible than that of the class containing it.
But I've tried this:
internal class Test
{
public string Testing{get;set;}
}
and it compiles without any exception! I think it is okay as the class Test will not be accessible outside the namespace assembly we have declared so public property will not make any difference.
This does not works:
private class Test
{
public string Testing{get;set;}
internal string TestingAgain{get;set;}
}
Could you please explain what the practical usage is for the internal keyword in C#?
I know that the internal modifier limits access to the current assembly, but when and in which circumstance should I use it?
Utility or helper classes/methods that you would like to access from many other classes within the same assembly, but that you want to ensure code in other assemblies can't access.
From MSDN (via archive.org):
A common use of internal access is in component-based development because it enables a group of components to cooperate in a private manner without being exposed to the rest of the application code. For example, a framework for building graphical user interfaces could provide Control and Form classes that cooperate using members with internal access. Since these members are internal, they are not exposed to code that is using the framework.
You can also use the internal modifier along with the InternalsVisibleTo assembly level attribute to create "friend" assemblies that are granted special access to the target assembly internal classes.
This can be useful for creation of unit testing assemblies that are then allowed to call internal members of the assembly to be tested. Of course no other assemblies are granted this level of access, so when you release your system, encapsulation is maintained.
If Bob needs BigImportantClass then Bob needs to get the people who own project A to sign up to guarantee that BigImportantClass will be written to meet his needs, tested to ensure that it meets his needs, is documented as meeting his needs, and that a process will be put in place to ensure that it will never be changed so as to no longer meet his needs.
If a class is internal then it doesn't have to go through that process, which saves budget for Project A that they can spend on other things.
The point of internal is not that it makes life difficult for Bob. It's that it allows you to control what expensive promises Project A is making about features, lifetime, compatibility, and so on.
Another reason to use internal is if you obfuscate your binaries. The obfuscator knows that it's safe to scramble the class name of any internal classes, while the name of public classes can't be scrambled, because that could break existing references.
If you are writing a DLL that encapsulates a ton of complex functionality into a simple public API, then “internal” is used on the class members which are not to be exposed publicly.
Hiding complexity (a.k.a. encapsulation) is the chief concept of quality software engineering.
The internal keyword is heavily used when you are building a wrapper over non-managed code.
When you have a C/C++ based library that you want to DllImport you can import these functions as static functions of a class, and make they internal, so your user only have access to your wrapper and not the original API so it can't mess with anything. The functions being static you can use they everywhere in the assembly, for the multiple wrapper classes you need.
You can take a look at Mono.Cairo, it's a wrapper around cairo library that uses this approach.
Being driven by "use as strict modifier as you can" rule I use internal everywhere I need to access, say, method from another class until I explicitly need to access it from another assembly.
As assembly interface is usually more narrow than sum of its classes interfaces, there are quite many places I use it.
I find internal to be far overused. you really should not be exposing certain functionailty only to certain classes that you would not to other consumers.
This in my opinion breaks the interface, breaks the abstraction. This is not to say it should never be used, but a better solution is to refactor to a different class or to be used in a different way if possible. However, this may not be always possible.
The reasons it can cause issues is that another developer may be charged with building another class in the same assembly that yours is. Having internals lessens the clarity of the abstraction, and can cause problems if being misused. It would be the same issue as if you made it public. The other class that is being built by the other developer is still a consumer, just like any external class. Class abstraction and encapsulation isnt just for protection for/from external classes, but for any and all classes.
Another problem is that a lot of developers will think they may need to use it elsewhere in the assembly and mark it as internal anyways, even though they dont need it at the time. Another developer then may think its there for the taking. Typically you want to mark private until you have a definative need.
But some of this can be subjective, and I am not saying it should never be used. Just use when needed.
This example contains two files: Assembly1.cs and Assembly2.cs. The first file contains an internal base class, BaseClass. In the second file, an attempt to instantiate BaseClass will produce an error.
// Assembly1.cs
// compile with: /target:library
internal class BaseClass
{
public static int intM = 0;
}
// Assembly1_a.cs
// compile with: /reference:Assembly1.dll
class TestAccess
{
static void Main()
{
BaseClass myBase = new BaseClass(); // CS0122
}
}
In this example, use the same files you used in example 1, and change the accessibility level of BaseClass to public. Also change the accessibility level of the member IntM to internal. In this case, you can instantiate the class, but you cannot access the internal member.
// Assembly2.cs
// compile with: /target:library
public class BaseClass
{
internal static int intM = 0;
}
// Assembly2_a.cs
// compile with: /reference:Assembly1.dll
public class TestAccess
{
static void Main()
{
BaseClass myBase = new BaseClass(); // Ok.
BaseClass.intM = 444; // CS0117
}
}
source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/7c5ka91b(VS.80).aspx
Saw an interesting one the other day, maybe week, on a blog that I can't remember. Basically I can't take credit for this but I thought it might have some useful application.
Say you wanted an abstract class to be seen by another assembly but you don't want someone to be able to inherit from it. Sealed won't work because it's abstract for a reason, other classes in that assembly do inherit from it. Private won't work because you might want to declare a Parent class somewhere in the other assembly.
namespace Base.Assembly
{
public abstract class Parent
{
internal abstract void SomeMethod();
}
//This works just fine since it's in the same assembly.
public class ChildWithin : Parent
{
internal override void SomeMethod()
{
}
}
}
namespace Another.Assembly
{
//Kaboom, because you can't override an internal method
public class ChildOutside : Parent
{
}
public class Test
{
//Just fine
private Parent _parent;
public Test()
{
//Still fine
_parent = new ChildWithin();
}
}
}
As you can see, it effectively allows someone to use the Parent class without being able to inherit from.
When you have methods, classes, etc which need to be accessible within the scope of the current assembly and never outside it.
For example, a DAL may have an ORM but the objects should not be exposed to the business layer all interaction should be done through static methods and passing in the required paramters.
A very interesting use of internal - with internal member of course being limited only to the assembly in which it is declared - is getting "friend" functionality to some degree out of it. A friend member is something that is visible only to certain other assemblies outside of the assembly in which its declared. C# has no built in support for friend, however the CLR does.
You can use InternalsVisibleToAttribute to declare a friend assembly, and all references from within the friend assembly will treat the internal members of your declaring assembly as public within the scope of the friend assembly. A problem with this is that all internal members are visible; you cannot pick and choose.
A good use for InternalsVisibleTo is to expose various internal members to a unit test assembly thus eliminating the needs for complex reflection work arounds to test those members. All internal members being visible isn't so much of a problem, however taking this approach does muck up your class interfaces pretty heavily and can potentially ruin encapsulation within the declaring assembly.
As rule-of-thumb there are two kinds of members:
public surface: visible from an external assembly (public, protected, and internal protected):
caller is not trusted, so parameter validation, method documentation, etc. is needed.
private surface: not visible from an external assembly (private and internal, or internal classes):
caller is generally trusted, so parameter validation, method documentation, etc. may be omitted.
Noise reduction, the less types you expose the more simple your library is.
Tamper proofing / Security is another (although Reflection can win against it).
Internal classes enable you to limit the API of your assembly. This has benefits, like making your API simpler to understand.
Also, if a bug exists in your assembly, there is less of a chance of the fix introducing a breaking change. Without internal classes, you would have to assume that changing any class's public members would be a breaking change. With internal classes, you can assume that modifying their public members only breaks the internal API of the assembly (and any assemblies referenced in the InternalsVisibleTo attribute).
I like having encapsulation at the class level and at the assembly level. There are some who disagree with this, but it's nice to know that the functionality is available.
One use of the internal keyword is to limit access to concrete implementations from the user of your assembly.
If you have a factory or some other central location for constructing objects the user of your assembly need only deal with the public interface or abstract base class.
Also, internal constructors allow you to control where and when an otherwise public class is instantiated.
I have a project which uses LINQ-to-SQL for the data back-end. I have two main namespaces: Biz and Data. The LINQ data model lives in Data and is marked "internal"; the Biz namespace has public classes which wrap around the LINQ data classes.
So there's Data.Client, and Biz.Client; the latter exposes all relevant properties of the data object, e.g.:
private Data.Client _client;
public int Id { get { return _client.Id; } set { _client.Id = value; } }
The Biz objects have a private constructor (to force the use of factory methods), and an internal constructor which looks like this:
internal Client(Data.Client client) {
this._client = client;
}
That can be used by any of the business classes in the library, but the front-end (UI) has no way of directly accessing the data model, ensuring that the business layer always acts as an intermediary.
This is the first time I've really used internal much, and it's proving quite useful.
There are cases when it makes sense to make members of classes internal. One example could be if you want to control how the classes are instantiated; let's say you provide some sort of factory for creating instances of the class. You can make the constructor internal, so that the factory (that resides in the same assembly) can create instances of the class, but code outside of that assembly can't.
However, I can't see any point with making classes or members internal without specific reasons, just as little as it makes sense to make them public, or private without specific reasons.
the only thing i have ever used the internal keyword on is the license-checking code in my product ;-)
How about this one: typically it is recommended that you do not expose a List object to external users of an assembly, rather expose an IEnumerable. But it is lot easier to use a List object inside the assembly, because you get the array syntax, and all other List methods. So, I typically have a internal property exposing a List to be used inside the assembly.
Comments are welcome about this approach.
Keep in mind that any class defined as public will automatically show up in the intellisense when someone looks at your project namespace. From an API perspective, it is important to only show users of your project the classes that they can use. Use the internal keyword to hide things they shouldn't see.
If your Big_Important_Class for Project A is intended for use outside your project, then you should not mark it internal.
However, in many projects, you'll often have classes that are really only intended for use inside a project. For example, you may have a class that holds the arguments to a parameterized thread invocation. In these cases, you should mark them as internal if for no other reason than to protect yourself from an unintended API change down the road.
The idea is that when you are designing a library only the classes that are intended for use from outside (by clients of your library) should be public. This way you can hide classes that
Are likely to change in future releases (if they were public you would break client code)
Are useless to the client and may cause confusion
Are not safe (so improper use could break your library pretty badly)
etc.
If you are developing inhouse solutions than using internal elements is not that important I guess, because usually the clients will have constant contact with you and/or access to the code. They are fairly critical for library developers though.
When you have classes or methods which don't fit cleanly into the Object-Oriented Paradigm, which do dangerous stuff, which need to be called from other classes and methods under your control, and which you don't want to let anyone else use.
public class DangerousClass {
public void SafeMethod() { }
internal void UpdateGlobalStateInSomeBizarreWay() { }
}